Nyika zhinji dzine mutemo wekudzora fodya unogadza huwandu hushoma hwefodyabhokisi refodyaizvo zvinogona kuiswa mupakeji imwe chete.
Munyika dzakawanda dzakatonga izvi, huwandu hushoma hwepaketi yefodya i20, semuenzaniso muUnited States (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 1140.16) uye nyika dziri nhengo dzeEuropean Union (EU Tobacco Products Directive, 2014/40/EU). Murairo weEU wakadzika huwandu hushoma hwebhokisi refodyapapaketi imwe neimwe kuti pave nemutengo wakaderera wefodya uye nekudaro zvichiita kuti dzisadhure kune vechidiki 1. Kusiyana neizvi, hapana mutemo wakawanda maererano nehukuru hwepaketi, hunosiyana pasi rose pakati pefodya gumi nemakumi mashanu papaketi imwe neimwe. Mapaketi makumi maviri nemashanu akaunzwa muAustralia muma1970, uye mapaketi makumi matatu, makumi matatu nemashanu, makumi mana nemashanu akapinda mumusika zvishoma nezvishoma mumakore makumi maviri akatevera. 2. MuIreland, saizi dzepaketi dzinopfuura makumi maviri dzakakura zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa0% yekutengesa muna 2009 kusvika pa23% muna 2018. 3. MuUnited Kingdom, mapaketi makumi maviri nematatu nemakumi maviri nemana akaunzwa mushure mekuunzwa kwepaketi isina kuzara (yakajairwa). Tichidzidza kubva pane zvakaitika izvi, New Zealand yakaraira saizi mbiri chete dzepaketi (20 ne25) sechikamu chemutemo wayo wepaketi isina kuzara 4.
Kuwanikwa kwemapaketi makuru kupfuura makumi maviribhokisi re fodyaZvinonyanya kukosha nekuda kwehumbowo huri kukura hwebasa rehuwandu hwechikamu mukushandiswa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Kudya chikafu kunowedzera kana vanhu vachipiwa chikafu chikuru, zvichienzaniswa nekudya chikafu chidiki, neongororo yakarongeka yeCochrane ikawana mhedzisiro diki kusvika pakati nepakati yehukuru hwechikamu pakudya nechinwiwa chisina kudhakwa 5. Ongororo iyi yakaongororawo humbowo hwemhedzisiro yehukuru hwechikamu pakudya fodya. Zvidzidzo zvitatu chete zvakazadzisa zvinodiwa zvekubatanidzwa, zvese zvakatarisa pabhokisi re fodyakureba, pasina zvidzidzo zvinoongorora kukanganisa kudyiwa kwepaketi yefodya. Kushomeka kwehumbowo hwekuyedza inyaya inonetsa, nekuti kuwanda kwekuwanikwa kwepaketi hombe kunogona kukanganisa kuvandudzwa kwehutano hwevanhu kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira dzekudzora fodya.
Kusvika pari zvino, kubudirira kwemitemo yekudzora fodya munyika dzakawanda kwave kuri nekuda kwekuderedza kutorwa kwefodya kuburikidza nemitengo pane kukurudzira kurega, nehuwandu hwekurega huchiramba hwakafanana nekufamba kwenguva 6. Dambudziko iri rinosimbisa kudiwa kwemitemo inokurudzira kurega. Kuderedza huwandu hwefodya dzinonwiwa nevasvuti pazuva kungave chinhu chakakosha chekuedza kumisa fodya, uye nepo kuwedzera mitengo iriyo nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya, mimwe mitemo yekudzora fodya yavewo yakakosha mukuderedza kushandiswa kwefodya 7. Maitiro ekuputa fodya akaratidza kuti vanosvuta vanogona uye vakatanga uye vakaramba vachideredza kushandiswa kwefodya munyika dzakawanda. Semuenzaniso, mumakore apo mitemo yekurambidza kuputa yainyanya kugamuchirwa munzvimbo dzebasa, vanosvuta vaive nemukana wekurega kuputa munzvimbo dzebasa dzisina kusvuta zvichienzaniswa neavo vaibvumira kusvuta 8. Nhamba dzakataurwa dzebhokisi re fodyaKusvuta fodya pazuva kwadererawo nekufamba kwenguva muAustralia, United Kingdom nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda (2002–07) 9.
MuEngland, gwara reNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (mazano ehutano akavakirwa pauchapupu hwenyika) rinokurudzira vanosvuta kuderedza kunwa doro nekuti zvinogona kuwedzera mikana yekurega. Zvisinei, pane kunetseka kuti kukurudzira kuderedza kunwa doro kunogona kukanganisa kurega uye kuramba kudzokera shure 10. Ongororo yakarongeka yezvirongwa zvekurega kusvuta yakawana kuti kuderedza kusvuta usati warega, kana kurega kamwe kamwe, kwaive nehuwandu hwakafanana hwekurega kusvuta kune vanosvuta vaida kurega 11. Ongororo yakatevera yakawana kuti kuderedza kusvuta kuti urege kusvuta kwakanga kusiri kushanda pane kurega kusvuta kamwe kamwe 12; zvisinei, vanyori vakaratidza kuti zano rekuderedza kusvuta rinogona kunge richiri kubatsira kana rikawedzera kubatanidzwa nepfungwa yekuwana rutsigiro. Kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakadai sekuvharirabhokisi re fodyaSaizi yepaketi ine mukana wekuderedza kudyiwa kwemishonga kunze kwekuziva. Saka inopa mukana wekupa mabhenefiti ekuderedza kudyiwa kwemishonga pasina munhu anoputa fodya anozvisunungura pakufunga nezvekuderedzwa kwekukuvara kuburikidza nekuderedza chete. Kubudirira kwakaratidzwa kubva mumitemo yekuisa huwandu hwakanyanya, uye huwandu hunobvumirwa mukutengesa kamwe chete, kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinokuvadza. Semuenzaniso, kuderedza huwandu hwemapiritsi ekurwadziwa papaketi imwe neimwe kwave kuri kubatsira mukudzivirira kufa nekuzviuraya 13.
Chinyorwa chino chine chinangwa chekuvaka kubva paongororo yeCochrane 5 ichangobva kuitwa iyo isina kuwanikwa ongororo dzekuyedza dzemhedzisiro yehukuru hwepaketi yefodya pakushandiswa kwefodya.
Pasina humbowo hwakananga, takaona musiyano uripo mukuwanikwa kwebhokisi re fodya saizi uye vakagadzira zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nepfungwa mbiri dzakakosha dzehukuru hwepakeji yekufukidza:
(i) kuderedza huwandu hwepaketi kunogona kuderedza kushandiswa; uye (ii) kuderedza kushandiswa kunogona kuwedzera kumira. Kushomeka kwezvidzidzo zvekuyedza zvinotsigira fungidziro idzi hakudzivisi njodzi iri kuramba ichikura.bhokisi re fodyaSaizi dzepaketi (> 20) dzinogona kukonzera kubudirira kwemamwe marongero ekudzora fodya. Tinoti kutarisa kwemitemo maererano nehukuru hwepaketi, pasina kufunga kana panofanira kuva nehukuru hwepaketi, kwakagadzira mukana wekuti indasitiri yefodya ishandise. Zvichibva pahumbowo husina kunanga, tinokurudzira fungidziro yekuti mutemo weHurumende wekuganhurira mapaketi efodya kusvika pa20 waizobatsira muhurongwa hwenyika nepasi rose hwekudzora fodya kuderedza kuwanda kwekuputa fodya.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-25-2024