Nyika zhinji dzine mitemo yekudzora fodya inogadza nhamba shoma yebhokisi remidzangaiyo inogona kuiswa mune imwe pack.
Munyika dzakawanda dzakadzora pane izvi huwandu hwepakiti yefodya i20, semuenzaniso kuUnited States (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 1140.16) uye nyika dzeEuropean Union (EU Tobacco Products Directive, 2014/40/EU). Murairo weEU wakaisa huwandu hushoma hwebhokisi remidzangapapakiti imwe neimwe kuwedzera mutengo wefodya nekudaro kuita kuti isadhure kune vechidiki 1. Kusiyana neizvi, pane mitemo mishoma kwazvo ine chekuita nekukura kwepakiti, iyo inosiyana pasi rose pakati pegumi neshanu kumidzanga pakg. Packs ye25 yakaunzwa muAustralia munguva ye1970s, uye mapaketi e30, 35, 40 uye 50 zvishoma nezvishoma akapinda mumusika pamusoro pemakumi maviri emakore akatevera 2. MuIreland, hukuru hwepakiti yakakura kudarika 20 yakakura zvishoma nezvishoma kubva ku0% yekutengesa mu2009 kusvika ku23% mu 32 yeUnited Kingdom, 3 packs 20 mu20. yakaunzwa zvichitevera kuunzwa kweplain (standardized) packaging. Kudzidza kubva muzviitiko izvi, New Zealand yakaraira kuti ingori maviri akajairwa mapakeji saizi (20 ne25) sechikamu chemutemo wayo wekurongedza 4.
Kuvepo kwepakeji saizi yakakura kupfuura makumi maviribhokisi re midzangainonyanya kufarirwa nekuda kwehuchapupu huri kukura hwebasa rechikamu chekukura mukushandiswa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Kushandiswa kwezvokudya kunowedzera apo vanhu vanopiwa zvakakura, zvichienzaniswa nediki, zvikamu zvezvikamu, nekuongorora kwakarongeka kweCochrane kuwana zvishoma kusvika pakati pekuita kwechikamu chechikamu chekudya uye kushandiswa-kunwa zvinyoro 5. Ongororo yacho yakaongororawo uchapupu hwekuita kwechikamu chechikamu pakushandiswa kwefodya. Zvidzidzo zvitatu chete zvakasangana nemaitiro ekubatanidzwa, ese akatarisanabhokisi re midzangakureba, pasina zvidzidzo zvinoongorora kukanganiswa kwekukura kwepakiti yefodya. Kushomeka kwehumbowo hwekuyedza chinhu chinonetsa, nekuti kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwemapaketi akakura kunogona kukanganisa kuvandudzwa kwehutano hweveruzhinji hunowanikwa kuburikidza nemamwe marongero ekudzora fodya.
Kusvika iye zvino, kubudirira kwemitemo yekudzora fodya munyika dzakawanda kwakakonzerwa nekuderedza kushandiswa kuburikidza nemitengo-based interventions panzvimbo yekusimudzira kupera, nemitengo yekurega inoramba ichingofanana nekufamba kwenguva 6. Dambudziko iri rinosimbisa kudiwa kwemitemo inokurudzira kupera. Kuderedza nhamba yefodya zuva nezuva iyo vanosvuta vanogona kuva chikonzero chinokosha chekuedza kupedzisa kubudirira, uye nepo kuwedzera kwemitengo ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushanda, mamwe mitemo yekudzora fodya yakave yakakoshawo mukuderedza kushandiswa kwefodya 7. Maitiro ekusvuta akaratidza kuti vanosvuta vanogona uye vakatanga uye vakachengetedza kuderedza kushandiswa munyika dzakawanda. Semuyenzaniso, mumakore apo mitemo yekusasvuta yainyanya kutorwa munzvimbo dzebasa, vasvuti vaiwanzorega kusvuta munzvimbo dzebasa dzisina utsi kana zvichienzaniswa nedzaibvumira kusvuta 8.bhokisi re midzangakuputa pazuva kwakadzikirawo nekufamba kwenguva muAustralia, United Kingdom nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda (2002–07) 9.
MuEngland, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) nhungamiro (yenyika yehumbowo-yakavakirwa hutano-kurudziro yehutano) inokurudzira vanoputa kudzikisa kunwa pahwaro hwekuti zvinogona kuwedzera mikana yekurega. Zvisinei, pane kumwe kutyira kuti kukurudzira kuderedzwa kunogona kukanganisa kupera uye kuramba kudzoka zvakare 10. Ongororo yakarongeka yezvirongwa zvekurega kusvuta yakawana kuti kuderedza kusati kwambomira, kana kumira kamwe kamwe, kwaiva nemazinga ekurega kusvuta kune vanosvuta vachida kurega 11. Muedzo wakatevera wakawana kuti kuderedza kusvuta kwaisashanda zvishoma pane kurega kusvuta; zvisinei, vanyori vakaratidza kuti mazano ekuderedza kusvuta angave achiri akakosha kana akawedzera kubatanidzwa nemafungiro ekugamuchira rubatsiro. Kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza senge cappingbhokisi re midzangasaizi yepakiti ine mukana wekudzikisa kushandiswa kunze kwekuziva kuziva. Naizvozvo zvinopa mukana wekuunza mabhenefiti ekuderedzwa kwekushandisa pasina muputi kuvandudza dzidziso dzekuzvisunungura pamusoro pekukuvara kwakaderedzwa kuburikidza nekuderedza chete. Kubudirira kwakaratidzwa kubva kumitemo kusvika pakuvharisa saizi yepamusoro, uye nhamba inotenderwa mukutengesa kumwe chete, kwezvimwe zvinokuvadza zvigadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, kudzikisa huwandu hwemapiritsi eanalgesic pakiti kwave kubatsira mukudzivirira kufa nekuzviuraya 13.
Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekuvaka pane ichangoburwa yeCochrane wongororo 5 iyo isina ongororo yakawanikwa yekukanganisa kwehukuru hwepakiti yefodya pakushandisa fodya.
Mukushaikwa kwehumbowo hwakananga, takaona musiyano uripo mukuwanikwa kwebhokisi re midzanga saizi uye kubatanidza zvinyorwa zvinoenderana nefungidziro mbiri dzakakosha dzecapping pack size:
(i) kuderedza saizi yepakiti inogona kuderedza kushandiswa; uye (ii) kuderedza kushandiswa kunogona kuwedzera kupera. Kushomeka kwezvidzidzo zvekuedza kutsigira fungidziro idzi hakudzivisi kutyisidzira kuri kuwedzerabhokisi re midzangamasaizi emapaki (> 20) anogona kuunza kubudirira kwemamwe marongero ekudzora fodya. Isu tinotsinhira kuti kutariswa kwemutemo maererano nehukuru hwepack size, pasina fungidziro yekuti panofanirwa kuve nehukuru hwepakeji inosungirwa, zvakakonzera mukana wekuti indasitiri yefodya inogona kushandisa. Tichibva pahumbowo husina kunanga tinopa pfungwa yekuti hurongwa hweHurumende hwekuvharira mapaketi efodya kumidzanga 20 huchabatsira mumitemo yenyika nepasi rose yekudzora fodya kuderedza kuputa fodya.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-25-2024