Nyika zhinji dzine mitemo yekudzora fodya inogadza nhamba shoma yebhokisi remidzangaiyo inogona kuiswa mune imwe pack.
Munyika dzakawanda dzakadzora pane izvi huwandu hwepakiti yefodya i20, semuenzaniso kuUnited States (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 1140.16) uye nyika dzeEuropean Union (EU Tobacco Products Directive, 2014/40/EU) . Murairo weEU wakaisa huwandu hushoma hwebhokisi remidzangapapakiti imwe neimwe kuwedzera mutengo wefodya nekudaro kuita kuti isadhure kune vechidiki 1. Kusiyana neizvi, pane mitemo mishoma kwazvo ine chekuita nekukura kwepakiti, iyo inosiyana pasi rose pakati pegumi neshanu kumidzanga pakg. Packs ye25 yakaunzwa muAustralia munguva ye1970s, uye mapaketi e30, 35, 40 uye 50 zvishoma nezvishoma akapinda mumusika pamusoro pemakumi maviri emakore akatevera kusvika 23% muna 2018 3. MuUnited Kingdom, mapaketi e23 uye 24 akaunzwa achitevera kuiswa kwepachena (standardized) packaging. Kudzidza kubva muzviitiko izvi, New Zealand yakaraira kuti ingori maviri akajairwa mapakeji saizi (20 ne25) sechikamu chemutemo wayo wekurongedza 4.
Kuvepo kwepakeji saizi yakakura kupfuura makumi maviribhokisi re midzangainonyanya kufarirwa nekuda kwehuchapupu huri kukura hwebasa rechikamu chekukura mukushandiswa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Kushandiswa kwezvokudya kunowedzera kana vanhu vachipiwa zvakakura, zvichienzaniswa nediki, zvikamu zvezvikamu, nekuongorora kwakarongeka kweCochrane kuwana zvishoma kusvika pakuenzanisa mhedzisiro yehukuru hwechikamu pane zvekudya uye zvinyoro-zvinwiwa kushandiswa 5. Ongororo yakaongororawo uchapupu hwekuita kwechikamu. saizi pakushandisa fodya. Zvidzidzo zvitatu chete zvakasangana nemaitiro ekubatanidzwa, ese akatarisanabhokisi re midzangakureba, pasina zvidzidzo zvinoongorora kukanganiswa kwekukura kwepakiti yefodya. Kushomeka kwehumbowo hwekuyedza chinhu chinonetsa, nekuti kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwemapaketi akakura kunogona kukanganisa kuvandudzwa kwehutano hweveruzhinji hunowanikwa kuburikidza nemamwe marongero ekudzora fodya.
Kusvika iye zvino, kubudirira kwemitemo yekudzora fodya munyika dzakawanda kwakakonzerwa nekuderedza kushandiswa kuburikidza nemitengo-based interventions panzvimbo yekusimudzira kupera, nemitengo yekurega inoramba ichingofanana nekufamba kwenguva 6. Dambudziko iri rinosimbisa kudiwa kwemitemo inokurudzira kupera. Kuderedza nhamba yefodya pazuva inodyiwa nevasvuta inogona kuva nhanho yakakosha yekuedza kuregedza kwakabudirira, uye nepo kuwedzera kwemitengo kungangodaro kuri nzira inoshanda, mamwe marongero ekudzora fodya ave akakoshawo mukuderedza kusvuta 7. Mafambiro ekusvuta aratidza kuti vanosvuta vanogona uye vakatanga uye vakachengeta kuderedzwa kwekushandisa munyika dzakawanda. Semuyenzaniso, mumakore apo mitemo yekusasvuta yainyanya kutorwa munzvimbo dzebasa, vasvuti vaiwanzorega kusvuta munzvimbo dzebasa dzisina utsi kana zvichienzaniswa nedzaibvumira kusvuta 8.bhokisi re midzangakuputa pazuva kwakadzikirawo nekufamba kwenguva muAustralia, United Kingdom nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda (2002–07) 9.
MuEngland, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) nhungamiro (yenyika yehumbowo-yakavakirwa hutano-kurudziro yehutano) inokurudzira vanoputa kudzikisa kunwa pahwaro hwekuti zvinogona kuwedzera mikana yekurega. Zvisinei, pane kutyira kuti kukurudzira kuderedzwa kunogona kukanganisa kupera uye kuramba kudzokera shure 10. Ongororo yakarongeka yezvipindiro zvekurega kusvuta yakawana kuti kutema kusati kwamira, kana kumira kamwe kamwe, kwaiva nekuenzanisa kwekurega kwevanoputa vachida kumira 11. Chimwe chinotevera. muedzo wakawana kuti kuderedza kurega kusvuta kwakanga kusinganyanyi kushanda pane kurega kusvuta kamwe kamwe 12; zvisinei, vanyori vakaratidza kuti mazano ekuderedza kusvuta angave achiri akakosha kana akawedzera kubatanidzwa nemafungiro ekugamuchira rubatsiro. Kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza senge cappingbhokisi re midzangasaizi yepakiti ine mukana wekudzikisa kushandiswa kunze kwekuziva kuziva. Naizvozvo zvinopa mukana wekuunza mabhenefiti ekuderedzwa kwekushandisa pasina muputi kuvandudza dzidziso dzekuzvisunungura pamusoro pekukuvara kwakaderedzwa kuburikidza nekuderedza chete. Kubudirira kwakaratidzwa kubva kumitemo kusvika pakuvharisa saizi yepamusoro, uye nhamba inotenderwa mukutengesa kumwe chete, kwezvimwe zvinokuvadza zvigadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, kudzikisa huwandu hwemapiritsi eanalgesic pakiti kwave kubatsira mukudzivirira kufa nekuzviuraya 13.
Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekuvaka pane ichangoburwa yeCochrane wongororo 5 iyo isina ongororo yakawanikwa yekukanganisa kwehukuru hwepakiti yefodya pakushandisa fodya.
Mukushaikwa kwehumbowo hwakananga, takaona musiyano uripo mukuwanikwa kwebhokisi re midzanga saizi uye kubatanidza zvinyorwa zvinoenderana nefungidziro mbiri dzakakosha dzecapping pack size:
(i) kuderedza saizi yepakiti inogona kuderedza kushandiswa; uye (ii) kuderedza kushandiswa kunogona kuwedzera kupera. Kushomeka kwezvidzidzo zvekuedza kutsigira fungidziro idzi hakudzivisi kutyisidzira kuri kuwedzerabhokisi re midzangamasaizi emapaki (> 20) anogona kuunza kubudirira kwemamwe marongero ekudzora fodya. Isu tinotsinhira kuti kutariswa kwemutemo maererano nehukuru hwepack size, pasina fungidziro yekuti panofanirwa kuve nehukuru hwepakeji inosungirwa, zvakakonzera mukana wekuti indasitiri yefodya inogona kushandisa. Tichibva pahumbowo husina kunanga tinopa pfungwa yekuti hurongwa hweHurumende hwekuvharira mapaketi efodya kumidzanga 20 huchabatsira mumitemo yenyika nepasi rose yekudzora fodya kuderedza kuputa fodya.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-25-2024