Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Kushanduka-shanduka kwakazara kubva patsika dzekare dzefodya kusvika kufodya dzemazuva ano dzakaputirwa

Fodya dzakaputirwa nepepa dzinozivikanwa nevanhu vemazuva ano hadzina kumbovapo kubva pakutanga. Pane kudaro, dzakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mezviuru zvemakore zvetsika dzekushandisa fodya, hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, shanduko dzemaindasitiri, uye shanduko dzetsika. Kunyangwe kushandiswa kwefodya kwakatanga zviuru zvemakore, "fodya yemazuva ano" chaiyo yakagadzirwa mushure mekugadzirwa kwemichina yekugadzira fodya mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Chinyorwa chino chinotsvaga mavambo efodya, chichiongorora kushanduka kwakazara kwefodya kubva pazvinhu zvekare zvetsika kuenda kuzvinhu zvemaindasitiri.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Mhinduro Yekukurumidza: Fodya dzakagadzirwa riini chaizvo?

Kana tikatsanangura "fodya dzemazuva ano" sefodya yakagadzirwa nemuchina, yakaputirwa nepepa, yakagadzirwa zvakafanana, yakagadzikana muchimiro, uye inowanzo shandiswa sefa, kutanga kwayo kunoenderana nenguva chaiyo: Muna 1880, muvambi wekuAmerica James A. Bonsack akabudirira kugadzira muchina wekutanga wekugadzira fodya, zvichigonesa kugadzirwa kwefodya kukuru muindasitiri.

Zvisinei, tichitarisa kumashure munhoroondo, kushandiswa kwefodya yevanhu kwakatangira fodya dzemazuva ano, kuchichinja kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira tsika dzechitendero, mapaipi, fodya, uye fodya yemumuromo. Saka, "Fodya dzakagadzirwa rini?" dzakanyatsotsanangurwa semubvunzo wekushanduka-shanduka kwemamiriro ezvinhu.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Chii chaizvo chaiitwa nevanhu vasati vaputa fodya?

Fodya dzisati dzatanga kushandiswa nevanhu, kushandiswa kwefodya kwainge kwatosiyana-siyana. MaIndia ekuAmerica ndiwo ainyanya kuzivikanwa nevanhu, vachifema nekutsenga mashizha efodya mumitambo yechitendero, munzvimbo dzekurapa, uye pamisangano yemagariro evanhu—tsika dzaivepo kare zviuru zvemakore. Panguva iyoyo, fodya yairemekedzwa semuti mutsvene, waifungidzirwa kuti unoita kuti vanhu vataure nemidzimu kana kurapa zvirwere.

Mushure meNguva yeKuwanikwa muzana remakore rechi16, vagari vekuEurope vakaunza fodya kuEurope, zvichikonzera kupararira kukuru kwenzira itsva dzekushandisa dzakadai semapaipi, fodya yemumuromo, uye fodya yefodya. "Kusvuta" munguva iyoyo kwaingofanana ne "kusvuta fodya uchishandisa pombi," nepo fodya dzakapetwa nepepa dzakanga dzisipo zvachose. Saka, kana mumwe munhu akabvunza kuti, "Vanhu vekuEurope yekare vaisvuta here?" mhinduro ndeyekuti: zvechokwadi kwete, sezvo fodya yakanga isati yasvika kuEurope panguva iyoyo.

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi18 nerechi19, fodya yemumagaba, mapaipi, uye fodya yefodya zvakava mhando huru dzekunwa fodya, nepo mhando yekare yefodya yakatangawo kubuda munguva iyi.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Kwakatangira Fodya: Kubva paMapepa eVarwi Kuenda ku“Fodya” Yechokwadi

Fodya dzekutanga dzakaputirwa nepepa dzakatangira muSpain neFrance. Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 kusvika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, masoja eSpain aiwanzoputira zvidimbu zvefodya zvasara mupepa rakapwanyika kana kuti pepa rakatetepa. Mapepa akapfava aya anoonekwa seakatanga kushandiswa nefodya. Masoja eFrance akakurumidza kuteverawo, uye izwi rekuti "fodya" rakawana mukurumbira wakapararira panguva yeHondo yeCrimea.

Panguva iyi, fodya yakaramba yakagadzirwa nemaoko, mhando yayo isingachinji, kugadzirwa kwayo kwakaderera, uye kwakaoma kuifarira. Vashoma chete ndivo vaiputa fodya iyi "yemurombo," ukuwo fodya nemapaipi zvakaramba zviri zvinhu zvinonyanya kusarudzwa nevanhu vepamusoro nevepakati.

Saka, kunyange tisingakwanise kutaura zvakajeka kuti "ndiani akaputa fodya yekutanga," zviri pachena kuti fodya dzekare dzakaputirwa nepepa dzinogona kunge dzakabva mutsika yeSpain yefodya yakagadzirwa nemaoko uye dzakapararira muEurope yese kuburikidza nemasoja.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Fodya yemazuva ano yakabuda zvechokwadi muna 1880: Muchina wefodya wakachinja zvese

Chiitiko chakakosha chakachinja ramangwana refodya chakaitika muna 1880. Kugadzirwa kwaJames Bonsack kwemuchina wefodya kwaigona kugadzira mazana efodya paminiti, nepo maroller emaoko aikwanisa kugadzira mazana mashoma pazuva. Musiyano mukuru uyu mukugadzirwa kwefodya wakachinja nekukurumidza kuita chinhu chinodhura uye chinowanikwa nyore nyore chakakodzera kutengeswa mumaindasitiri.

Mhuri yeAmerican Duke yakakurumidza kubatana neBonsac, vachitanga mafekitori makuru efodya ayo akakurumidza kukunda musika weUS mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Zvadaro, mhando dzefodya dzakapararira sehowa mushure mekunaya kwemvura, dzichichinja fodya kuita chigadzirwa chinotengeswa nevanhu vakawanda.

Kwakanga kuri mushure megore ra1880 apo fodya dzakapinda zvechokwadi mu "nguva yemazuva ano."

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Kufambira Mberi Kwefodya: Mafirita, Menthol, Fodya Dzakareruka, uye E-Cigarettes

Zvichitungamirirwa nekukura kwemaindasitiri uye kutsvagurudza kwesainzi, zvigadzirwa zvefodya zvakaramba zvichigadziriswa. Fodya dzine firita dzakatanga kuonekwa muma1920 uye dzakakurumidza kufarirwa mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Makambani akakurudzira tekinoroji yekusefa se "ine hutano" uye "yakachena," kunyange hazvo zvirevo izvi zvakazoratidza kuti hazvina hwaro hwesainzi.

Makumi emakore akatevera akaona kushandiswa kwefodya dze menthol, fodya dzakareruka, uye fodya dzinotora nguva yakareba kuti dzibatsire vanhu vakasiyana-siyana. Muzana remakore rechi21, fodya dzemagetsi nefodya dzisingapisi zvakabuda senzira itsva, zvichiita kuti tsika yekuputa fodya ive itsva.

Munhu wese aimbosvuta here kare? Tsika dzekusvuta dzakasiyana zvikuru kubva panguva dzakasiyana.

Vanhu vanowanzo bvunza kuti: “Munhu wese aisvuta here muma1920?” kana kuti “Kusvuta kwaiwanzoitika muma1940 here?”

Chokwadi ndechekuti huwandu hwekusvuta hwaive hwakakwira munguva idzi, kunyanya muEurope neUnited States. Vatambi veHollywood, kushambadza mafashoni, uye kudya kwemauto zvese zvakakurudzira tsika yekusvuta. Zvisinei, pfungwa yekuti "munhu wese anosvuta" inyaya yekuwedzeredza - huwandu hwekusvuta kwevanhu vakuru munyika zhinji hwaive pa40%, kwete 100%.

Kusvuta kwevakadzi venguva yeVictorian kwaimboonekwa sekusakodzera, zvichingowedzera kuwanda muzana remakore rechi20 chete. Vanhu vekare vakaita semadzimambo ekuBritain vakanyorwawo sevanosvuta, uye vamwe vachiri kufarirwa neveruzhinji nanhasi.

Munguva dzazvino, huwandu hwekusvuta hwaderera zvakanyanya, kunyange hazvo dzimwe nyika nevechidiki vachiratidza maitiro e "kudzokororwa" akabatana nekushushikana kwepfungwa, tsika dzepasocial media, kushambadzira kwefodya paindaneti, uye mafashoni.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Kubva pa "Hutano Hunowedzera" kuenda kuDambudziko reHutano: Kubuda kweKuziva neKutonga Njodzi dzeFodya

Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, fodya dzaitoshambadzwa se "dzinobatsira pahutano," nemamwe marudzi achiti "dzinorapa pahuro." Zvakanga zvisati zvaitika kusvika kuma1950, apo tsvakurudzo yesainzi yakatanga kuratidza hukama hwakasimba pakati pefodya nekenza yemapapu, apo nyika yakatanga kuongororazve njodzi dzekusvuta. Mushure mema1960, nyika dzakatanga kuisa mitemo yakaoma, kusanganisira kurambidzwa kushambadza fodya, yambiro dzehutano dzinosungirwa pakurongedza, kuwedzera mitero yefodya, uye zvirambidzo pakusvuta munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji.

Semuenzaniso, kurambidzwa kwakazara kweUK kusvuta fodya mumabhawa muna 2007 kwakaratidza shanduko huru murwendo rweEurope kuenda kunzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzisina utsi.

Sezvo mitemo yakaramba ichienderera mberi, kurongedza fodya kwakava neshanduko huru—kubva pakunyanya kukoshesa chitarisiko chekambani kuenda pakunyevera nezvehutano, uye kutotanga kushandisa kurongedza kwakajairika mune dzimwe nyika.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Kushanduka kweKurongedza Fodya: Kubva paKuputira Mapepa Ari Nyore Kusvika kuNguva Itsva yeMakatoni Anogarika

Fodya dzekare dzaiwanzoiswa mumapepa akapfava kana mumagaba esimbi, zvichibatsira pabasa guru. Nekukura kwefodya dzakabudirira mumaindasitiri, mabrandi akatanga kushandisa mapepa akarongwa kuti aonekwe zvakanaka. Makatoni madiki, akasimba aidzivirira fodya ukuwo zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kutakurwa, uye magadzirirwo awo akadhindwa achiva zvinhu zvakakosha mumakwikwi emhando.

Gare gare, mitemo yehutano pasi rose yakaraira yambiro huru dzemifananidzo nemagwaro pakurongedza, zvichikurudzira kuenzana uye kufanana kwekugadzirwa kwefodya.

Mumakore achangopfuura, mitemo yezvakatipoteredza mune dzimwe nyika yaida kuti kushandiswa kwepurasitiki kuderedzwa, zvichiita kuti indasitiri yefodya ishandise zvinhu zvepepa zvinogona kushandiswazve uye maitiro ekugadzira asingakuvadzi nharaunda. Semugadziri wepapepa ane hunyanzvi, Fuliter inoenderana nemaitiro aya nekupa mhinduro dzemabhokisi epepa dzinogara kwenguva refu, dzemhando yepamusoro, uye dzinogadziriswa dzezvekudya, fodya, uye maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana eFMCG.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Nyaya Dzenhoroondo: Zvinyorwa Zvisinganzwisisike uye Ngano Dzechokwadi/Nhema Nezvefodya

Nhoroondo yakazara nenyaya dzinoshamisa pamusoro pefodya, dzakadai senyaya dzinoti “ndiani akaputa fodya mazana masere panguva imwe chete?”—zhinji dzacho dzine zvinhu zvemitambo kana kuti zvakawedzeredzwa. Nyaya dzakadai sekuti “munhu akwegura kupfuura vose vanoputa fodya pasi rose” dzinowanzo shandiswa kutsausa veruzhinji—muchokwadi, kuvapo kwevanhu vashoma vanoputa fodya kwenguva refu hakuchinji kubvumirana kwesainzi kwekuti kuputa fodya kune njodzi huru kuhutano.

Kunyange zvazvo dzisina hunhu hwesainzi, nyaya dzakadaro dzinoratidza chinzvimbo chakasiyana chetsika dzefodya uye dzinoratidza kuda kuziva kwevanhu kuripo uye gakava pamusoro pechigadzirwa ichi.

Fodya Dzakagadzirwa Rini?Pfupiso: Kushanduka Kwakazara Kwefodya—Kubva Pazvinhu Zvetsika Dzekare Kuenda Kuzvinhu Zvemazuva Ano Zvinokakavadzana

Kuongorora nhoroondo yefodya kunoratidza kuti hadzina kumbobvira dzave chigadzirwa chisingachinji. Pane kudaro, dzakaramba dzichichinja pamwe chete nekuparadzirwa kwetsika, hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, hondo, kushambadza, uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi. Kubva kuzvirimwa zvitsvene muAmerica yekare kusvika kufodya dzakamonerwa nemaoko dzemasoja ezana remakore rechi19, shanduko yemaindasitiri yakaunzwa nemuchina wefodya weBonsack, uye kuvandudzwa kwakatevera kwemasefa, fodya dzakareruka, fodya dzementhol, uye e-cigarettes dzemazuva ano, nzira dzevanhu dzekushandisa fodya dzakagara dzichichinja.

Kunzwisisa nhoroondo yefodya hakungoratidzi chete kukanganisa kwayo tsika pasi rose asiwo kunoratidza kukosha kukuru kwenjodzi dzehutano nemitemo. Muindasitiri yemazuva ano yekurongedza, kurongedza pachako kwave chinhu chakakosha muchikamu chefodya—kubva pakusarudza zvinhu uye dhizaini yekudhinda kusvika pakunyevera kwehutano uye zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza hupenyu.

Kana muchida rumwe ruzivo nezvemapepa ekurongedza anochengetedza nguva, mabhokisi ezvekudya akagadzirwa, kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvine chekuita nazvo, tarisai katarogu yezvigadzirwa yeFuliter. Isu tinopa mhinduro dzemhando yepamusoro dzemapepa dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvepasi rose.

Matagi: #bhokisi rekurongedza rakagadzirwa #bhokisi rekurongedza rakanaka #bhokisi rekurongedza rakanaka