Kushandiswa kwefodya kuchiri kukonzera zvirwere nerufu zvinogona kudzivirirwa muCanada. Muna 2017, vanhu vanodarika 47,000 vakafa nekuda kwekushandiswa kwefodya muCanada, nemitengo yehutano inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mabhiriyoni matanhatu nehafu emadhora ($6.1 bhiriyoni) uye mari yese inosvika mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri emadhora ($12.3 bhiriyoni).1 Muna Mbudzi 2019, mitemo yekurongedza zvinhu zvefodya yakatanga kushanda sechikamu cheCanada's Tobacco Strategy, iyo ine chinangwa chekuzadzisa chinangwa chekushandiswa kwefodya isingasviki 5% panosvika gore ra2035.
Kurongedza zvinhu zvisina kurongwa kwave kuchishandiswa nenyika dzakawanda pasi rose. Kubva muna Chikunguru 2020, zvinhu zvisina kurongwaKanadhakurongedza fodyayave kushandiswa zvizere padanho remugadziri nerekutengesa munyika gumi neina: Australia (2012); France neUnited Kingdom (2017); New Zealand, Norway, neIreland (2018); Uruguay, neThailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, neSlovenia (Ndira 2020); Canada (Kukadzi 2020); uye Singapore (Chikunguru 2020). Panosvika Ndira 2022, Belgium, Hungary, neNetherlands dzichange dzatanga kushandisa nzira dzekupaka dzakazara.
Mushumo uyu unopfupisa humbowo kubva kuInternational Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project pamusoro pekushanda kwepurasitiki isina kuputirwa muCanada. Kubva muna 2002, ITC Project yave ichiita ongororo dzenguva refu munyika makumi maviri nepfumbamwe kuti iongorore kukanganisa kwemitemo mikuru yekudzora fodya yeWorld Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Mushumo uyu unopa zvakawanikwa pamusoro pemhedzisiro yekuputirwa kwepurasitiki isina kuputirwa muCanada zvichibva padata rakaunganidzwa kubva kuvanhu vakuru vanoputa fodya vasati vasvika (2018) uye mushure me (2020) kuiswa kwepurasitiki isina kuputirwa.Kanadhakurongedza fodyaData kubva kuCanada rinopihwawo zvichienderana nedata kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzinosvika makumi maviri neshanu dzeITC Project — kusanganisira Australia, England, France, neNew Zealand, uko kwakaitwawo kurongedza zvinhu zvisina tsarukano.
Kurongedza zvinhu zvisina kurongwa kwakaderera zvakanyanya pakutaridzika kwepaketi — 45% yevasvuti havana kufarira chitarisiko chepaketi yavo yefodya mushure mekushandisa zvinhu zvisina kurongwaKanadha kurongedza fodyayakaunzwa, zvichienzaniswa ne29% pamberi pemutemo Unlik Mushumo uyu wakagadzirwa neITC Project paYunivhesiti yeWaterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, naGeoffrey T. Fong. Tinotenda mashoko aCynthia Callard, Physicians for a Smoke-free Canada; Rob Cunningham, Canadian Cancer Society; naFrancis Thompson, HealthBridge pamadhirowa emushumo uyu. Dhizaini yemifananidzo nekurongeka kwakapihwa naSonya Lyon weSentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Tinotenda Brigitte Meloche nekupa masevhisi ekushandura chiFrench; uye kunaNadia Martin, ITC Project yekuongorora nekugadzirisa shanduro yechiFrench. Mari yemushumo uyu yakapihwa neHealth Canada's Substance Use and Addictions Program (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. Maonero ataurwa pano haamiriri maonero eHealth Canada.
Ongororo yeITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping yakatsigirwa nemari inobva kuUS National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), uye National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451). Rutsigiro rwakawedzerwa rwunopihwa kuna Geoffrey T. Fong neSenior Investigator Grant kubva kuOntario Institute for Cancer Research.
Chiremera chekutonga kwekurongedza fodya (chinozivikanwawo sekurongedza kwakajairwa) chinopiwa pasi peTobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA)4, iyo yakagadziriswa musi wa23 Chivabvu 2018 senzira yepamutemo yekuderedza mutoro wakakura werufu nezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nefodya muCanada.Kanadhakurongedza fodyaChinangwa chayo ndechekuderedza kukwezva kwezvigadzirwa zvefodya uye yakaunzwa pasi pe2019 Tobacco Products Regulations (Plain and Standardized Appearance)5 seimwe yemitemo yakazara yekubatsira kusvika pachinangwa chekushandiswa kwefodya isingasviki 5% panosvika 2035 pasi peCanada's Tobacco Strategy.
Mitemo iyi inoshanda pakurongedza zvigadzirwa zvefodya zvese, kusanganisira fodya dzakagadzirwa, kuputira zvigadzirwa zvako (fodya isina kuchena, machubhu nemapepa ekuputira akagadzirirwa kushandiswa nefodya), fodya yefodya nefodya diki, fodya yepombi, fodya isina utsi, uye zvigadzirwa zvefodya inopisa. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi/zvekuputira hazvifukidzwe pasi pemitemo iyi, sezvo zvisingaverengerwi sezvigadzirwa zvefodya pasi peTVPA.
4 Kurongedza fodya zvisina tsarukano, fodya diki, zvigadzirwa zvefodya zvakagadzirirwa kushandiswa nemidziyo, nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvefodya zvese zvakatanga kushanda padanho remugadziri/remutengesi musi wa9 Mbudzi, 2019, nenguva yekuchinja kwemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe kuti vatengesi vefodya vatevedzere mutemo panosvika Kukadzi 7, 2020. Kurongedza fodya zvisina tsarukano kwakatanga kushanda padanho remugadziri/remutengesi musi wa9 Mbudzi, 2020, nenguva yekuchinja kwemazuva zana nemakumi masere kuti vatengesi vefodya vatevedzere mutemo panosvika Chivabvu 8, 2021.5, 8
Kanadha kurongedza fodyaMitemo iyi inonzi ndiyo inonyanya kutaurwa nezvayo pasi rose, ichiisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinotarisirwa pasi rose (ona Bhokisi 1). Mapakeji ese efodya anofanira kunge aine ruvara rwebrown rwakajairwa, asina zvinhu zvinoyevedza uye zvinoyevedza, uye kuratidzwa kwemavara anobvumirwa munzvimbo yakajairwa, fonti, ruvara, uye saizi. Zvimiti zvefodya hazvifanirwe kudarika zviyero zvakatarwa zvehupamhi nehurefu; zvine chero chiratidzo; uye magumo efirita anofanira kunge akati sandara uye haafanirwe kuva nepakudzika.Kanadha kurongedza fodyazvichave zvakajairwa zvichienderana nechimiro chemasiraidhi neshell padanho remugadziri/mutengesi kubva musi wa9 Mbudzi 2021 (vatengesi vane kusvika Kukadzi 7, 2022 kuti vatevedzere), nokudaro vachirambidza mapaketi ane kuvhura kwepazasi. Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza kurongedza kwemasiraidhi neshell ne plainKanadha kurongedza fodya uko meseji yeruzivo rwehutano inoburitswa kumashure kwepakeji yemukati kana pakeji yavhurwa. Canada ndiyo nyika yekutanga pasi rose kuda kurongedza masiraidhi negoko uye ndiyo yekutanga kuda kutumirwa meseji yehutano hwemukati.
Kanadhakurongedza fodyaMitemo ndiyo yakasimba kupfuura dzose pasi rose uye yekutanga ku:
• Rambai kushandisa mavara anotsanangura mavara mumazita ese emhando dzakasiyana siyana
• Inoda fomati yekurongedza ine masiraidhi negoko refodya
• Zvinoda ruvara rwebrown rwakasvibira mukati mepakeji
• Rambai kusvuta fodya kwenguva yakareba kupfuura 85mm
• Rambai kusvuta fodya dzakatetepa dzine dhayamita isingasviki 7.65mm
Zviitiko zvepasi rose zvakatemerwa nemitemo yekurongedza yeCanada
Canada haina kuisa yambiro itsva uye yakakura yezvehutano (PHWs) pamapaketi efodya pamwe chete nemitemo yekurongedza isina kurongwa, sezvinodiwa nedzimwe nyika dzinosanganisira Australia, United Kingdom, France, neNew Zealand. Zvisinei,Paketi yefodya yekuCanadayambiro (75% yekumberi nekumashure) ichave yakakura kwazvo pasi rose maererano nenzvimbo yese yenzvimbo apo chimiro chekutsvedza neganda chinosungirwa chinotanga kushanda muna Mbudzi 2021. Health Canada iri kupedzisa zvirongwa zvekushandisa maseti akati wandei eambiro itsva dzehutano dzezvigadzirwa zvefodya izvo zvichadikanwa kutenderera mushure menguva yakatarwa.9 Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza nguva yekurongedza zvinhu muCanada maererano neITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys, iyo inopa data remushumo uyu.
Mushumo uyu unopa data kubva kuITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey isati yatanga uye mushure mekunge kurongedza kwacho kwaitwa zvizere padanho rekutengesa musi wa7 Kukadzi, 2020. ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, chikamu cheITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey yakakura, iyo yakaitwawo pamwe chete neongororo dzeboka revanhu muUnited States, Australia, neEngland, iongororo yeboka revanhu vakuru vanoputa fodya nevanoshandisa vape vakatorwa kubva kumawebhusaiti enyika munyika imwe neimwe. Ongororo yepamhepo yemaminitsi makumi mana nemashanu yaisanganisira mibvunzo yaive yakakosha pakuongororwa kwekurongedza kwacho, iyo yakashandiswa neITC Project kuongorora kurongedza kwacho muAustralia, England, New Zealand, neFrance. Ongororo yeITC Canada yeKusvuta neKupisa Vape yakaitwa pakati pemuenzaniso wenyika wese wevanhu vakuru vanosvuta 4600 vakapedza ongororo muna 2018 (vasati vaisa purasitiki), 2020 (vasati vaisa purasitiki), kana mumakore ese ari maviri. Ruzivo rwenguva refu kubva kuCanada runoenzaniswa neruzivo kubva kune dzimwe nyika mbiri dzeITC (Australia neUnited States) uko ongororo dzakafanana dzakaitwa munguva imwe chete, uye dzinosiyana nemamiriro emitemo yavo yekurongedza fodya uye zvinodiwa zvekuchinja muPHWs (ona Tafura 1). Hunhu hwevaya vakapindura ongororo muCanada, Australia, neUnited States hwakapfupikiswa muTafura 2. Mushumo uyu unoratidzawo kuenzanisa data kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana pamatanho akasarudzwa emhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yemutemo muCanada uye kune dzimwe nyika dzeITC dzinosvika makumi maviri neshanu.ii
Ruzivo rwakazara pamusoro penzira dzekutora sampuro uye dzekuongorora munyika imwe neimwe rwunoratidzwa muITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
mishumo yehunyanzvi, inowanikwa pa:https://itcproject.org/methods/
ITC Project yakamboburitsa mishumo pamusoro pemhedzisiro yekurongedza zvinhu zvisina kurongwa muNew Zealand neEngland. Mapepa esainzi eITC anotevera acharatidza ongororo yakadzama yemhedzisiro yekurongedza zvinhu zvisina kurongwa muCanada nedzimwe nyika, pamwe nekuenzanisa mhedzisiro yemitemo munyika dzese dzeITC dzakaisa zvinhu zvisina kurongwa muhurongwa.Kanadhakurongedza fodya.Kusiyana kudiki pakati pemigumisiro yakashumwa kuCanada mumapepa esainzi ari kuuya nemigumisiro yakashumwa mugwaro iri kunokonzerwa nekusiyana kwenzira dzekugadzirisa nhamba, asi hazvichinje maitiro ese ezvakawanikwa. ii.
Mhedzisiro yeCanada ya2020 yakaratidzwa munhamba dzemunyika dzakasiyana inogona kusiyana zvishoma neya2020 yakawanikwa munhamba dzenguva refu dzakaratidzwa mumushumo uyu nekuda kwekusiyana kwenzira dzekugadzirisa nhamba dzemhando yega yega yekuongorora.
Panguva yekuongorora kurongedza mushure mekutengeswa kwefodya muCanada, mabhegi mazhinji emhando dzakasiyana-siyana muzvitoro aive muchimiro cheflip top, uye chimiro chemasiraidhi neshell chaiwanikwa kune mhando shoma dzemabrandi. Chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvekurongedza kwakajairika ndechekuderedza kukwezva uye kukwezva kwezvigadzirwa zvefodya.
Ongororo yakaitwa munyika dzakasiyana-siyana yagara ichiratidza kuti mapaketi efodya asina kuumbwa haanyanyi kukwezva vanoputa kupfuura mapaketi ane mazita emhando yepamusoro.12-16
Ongororo yeITC yakaratidza kuti paive nekuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwevanosvuta fodya vekuCanada vakaona kuti paki yavo yefodya "haina kunaka zvachose" mushure mekushandiswa kwe Kanadhakurongedza fodya.Kudzikira kukuru kwehuwandu hwevanhu vanoputa fodya uku kwaisiyana nedzimwe nyika mbiri dzakaenzaniswa - Australia neUS - uko kwakanga kusina kuchinja muhuwandu hwevanhu vanoputa fodya vakaona kuti pakiti yavo yefodya "haina kunaka zvachose".
Kwakava nekuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwevanosvuta vakati havafariri chitarisiko chebhegi ravo refodya mushure mekushandiswa kwepurasitiki isina kuvharwa muCanada (kubva pa29% muna 2018 kusvika pa45% muna 2020). Kukwezva kwepakiti kwaive kwakaderera muAustralia (uko kurongedza kusina kuvharwa kwakaitwa pamwe chete nePHWs hombe muna 2012), nevanhu vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu vevanosvuta vachiti havafariri chitarisiko chepakiti ravo muna 2018 (71%) na2020 (69%). Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwevanosvuta vakati havafariri chitarisiko chepakiti ravo hwakaramba hwakaderera muUS (9% muna 2018 uye 12% muna 2020), uko yambiro dziri dzemashoko chete uye kurongedza kusina kuvharwa hakuna kuitwa (ona Mufananidzo 3).
Mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana nezvakawanikwa kare neITC Project zvinoratidza kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanosvuta vasingafarire chitarisiko chepaketi yavo mushure mekunge paki yaiswa muAustralia (kubva pa44% muna 2012 kusvika 82% muna 2013)17, New Zealand (kubva pa50% muna 2016-17 kusvika 75% muna 2018)18, uye England (kubva pa16% muna 2016 kusvika 53% muna 2018).19
Zvakawanikwa pari zvino zvinowedzerawo humbowo kubva muzvidzidzo zvakaburitswa zvinoratidza kudzikira kukuru mukukwezva kwemapaketi mushure mekushandiswa kwekurongedza kwakajairika nemaPHW makuru muAustralia20, 21 uye mhedzisiro yakanaka yeKanadhakurongedza fodyapakuderedza kukwezva kwemapoka emishonga, kuwedzera huwandu hwemaPHW muEngland.22
Imwe ongororo ichangobva kuitwa yakaongorora kushanda kwekupakira zvinhu zvisina kurongwa muUnited Kingdom neNorway ichishandisa matanho eITC ekuongorora anopa humwe humbowo hwekuti kushandisa mapakeji asina kurongwa pamwe chete nemaPHW matsva makuru kunowedzera kugona kweyambiro uye kushanda zvakanaka kupfuura zvinogona kuwanikwa nekushandisa mapakeji asina kurongwa pasina shanduko kuyambiro dzehutano. Nyika dzese dziri mbiri dzaive neyambiro dzehutano dzakafanana pamapakeji efodya (43% yambiro yemashoko pamberi, 53% PHW kumashure).
Mushure mekushandiswa kwepurasitiki isina chinhu pamwe chete nemaPHW matsva makuru (65% yepamberi nepashure) muUnited Kingdom, kwakava nekuwedzera kukuru kwekuona, kuverenga, uye kufunga nezvenyevero dzevanoputa, kufunga nezvenjodzi dzehutano dzekusvuta, maitiro ekudzivisa, kurega kusvuta, uye kuva nemukana wekurega nekuda kwenyevero.
Kusiyana neizvi, pakanga paine kudzikira kukuru mukucherechedza, kuverenga, uye kunyatsotarisa yambiro, kufunga nezvenjodzi dzehutano dzekusvuta, uye kuva nemukana wekurega nekuda kweyambiro pakati pevanosvuta muNorway, uko kurongedza kwakaitwa pasina shanduko kuyambiro dzehutano.23 Maitiro akasiyana emhedzisiro akaonekwa muUnited Kingdom zvichienzaniswa neNorway anoratidza kutiKanadha kurongedza fodyainowedzera kushanda kweyambiro huru dzemifananidzo, asi haigone kuwedzera simba reyambiro dzekare/dzemifananidzo
Nguva yekutumira: Chikumi-15-2024